Summary
"It is incomprehensible that
the universe is comprehensible (Einstein)"
An anthropocentric attitude with a
respect of the phenomena, a finality in biology, the
reason of being of the universe in
cosmology, etc... is unable to allows us " to understand " the
universe. The anthropocentrism does not
have more value "to understand" the universe than the geocentrism
used to have in the understanding of our
solar system.
II
A
probabilistic model of the universe
The model suggested is rigorously
scientific and is thus subjected to the criterion of falsifiability of
Popper and the Einsteinian requirement of observable facts.
The probabilistic model of the
universe proposes to reject the concept of determinism or causality, to the
profit of the concept of chance, defined as a concept of probability. The true nature of chance is the negation of
determinism and causality, an absolute concept, to the profit of the relative
concept of probability.
The indeterminism of nature, far
from being a factor of chaos or disorder, is a factor of order and organization
of the phenomena, on every scale. By its
application, the theory of probability
allows, a predictability of the phenomena.
The probabilistic model proposes
that the concepts and the physical or biological theories of the universe are
the phenomenologic expression of the subjacent probabilistic structure of the
universe.
III
Proposals of the
probabilistic model of the universe
1) Speculation or critical mind: Rejection of any no verifiable
speculation.
2) To understand the universe: Rejection of any anthropic attitude regarding
nature.
3) Scientific ananthropic
concepts: How to distinguish an
ananthropic concept of an anthropic concept?
1) An ananthropic concept must be
neutral regarding nature. It should
not, in any case, express a judgment of
value.
2) An irrational or speculative
concept is eminently anthropic.
3) The concepts which transgress
what one can call the Principle of
Reality, i.e. the scientific validated facts and laws, cannot claim with the ananthropic
statute.
4) The contradictory concepts cannot
have access to the ananthropic statute.
IV
Anthropic
and ananthropic concepts
The author establishes the anthropic
or ananthropic character of a certain number of physical or biological
concepts: space, time, speed limit c and
EPR paradox, the principle of conservation of energy, finality, optimization,
and the Second principle of Thermodynamics.
He proposes a model of temporalist gravitation
with finished range: (< http://site.voila.fr/nobigbang > Chapter 9: The temporalist gravitation) and a
probabilistic model of the biological evolution which integrates the Darwinian
theory with a new interpretation which respects the ananthropic character of
nature: < http://site.voila.fr/dinosaurs >
He also proposes a model based on
the hypothesis of the fundamental asymmetry of time: (<http://site.voila.fr/nobigbang > Chapter 5: The concept of time).
V
A probabilistic ananthropic model of the universe
A probabilistic ananthropic model of
the universe is proposed, characterized by the following proposals:
1)
The structure of the universe is made up of matter-energy (or of
superstrings).
2)
The probabilistic ananthropic model of the universe proposes a model of
temporalist gravitation with finished range. The geodesics ones of General Relativity
describe the minimal trajectories, i.e. probabilistic, of the particles of
test, curved by the gravific disturbance of the temporalist field generated by
the presence of matter-energy and not the curve of space. The Casimir effect is a natural consequence
(Chapter 9: The temporalist gravitation
< http://site.voila.fr/nobigbang >).
3)
In his temporalist model < http://site.voila.fr/nobigbang > (Chapter 5: The concept of time) founded on the
hypothesis of the fundamental asymmetry of time, the author proposes a concept
of time based on a new interpretation of the redshift of the remote
galaxies. This time T = 1 / Ho (constant
of Hubble) was theoretically established in 1962 by the author. Its value is equal to 4,5546 10^17 seconds is
approximately 14,43 billion years. After
more than 150.000 observations of redshifts and several tens of years, NASA
passed from a few billion years to 13,7 + - 5 % billion years for the
estimated "age of universe"
(WMAP 2002). The project SDSS (Sloan
Digital Sky Survey), with the study of the redshift of 221.414 galaxies does
not give a different estimate.
Time T of the temporalist universe is a
limited time of the redshift of the
photon (similar to its speed limit c).
It does not constitute an "age" of the universe. In the temporalist model, there is not absolute
time. One must conceive times relating
to the various phenomena or systems (time of evolution of stars, galaxies,
clusters of galaxies , etc…), without
given limits.
4)
The probabilistic ananthropic
model respects the postulate of the Special Relativity of the constancy
of the light speed c in the vacuum.
5)
The cosmological expansion, i.e. of space, which involves the galaxies,
is contradictory with the concept of an empty physical space which can neither
be curved nor a fortiori expanding.
6)
The concept of finality establishes a dichotomy in the description of
the living organisms and the inanimate matter which does not have any
theoretical or scientific justification.
A probabilistic model of the biological evolution free from any finality
is proposed: < http://site.voila.fr/dinosaurs
>
7) The concept of optimization or
maximum effectiveness seems to be the anthropic translation of the ananthropic
concept of dominant or dominating probability.
8) The Second Principle of
Thermodynamics is a concept of optimization and thus, in last analysis, a
concept of probability.
VI
Evidence and arguments of the probabilistic model of the
universe
Physics
:
1 The probabilistic wave equation of
Schrödinger, the relations of uncertainty or indeterminism of Heisenberg, as
well as the quantum of minimal action of Planck h constitutes the major
paradigms of quantum mechanics.
2 The interpretation of quantum
physics, which is to be found in its most significant aspects, is
probabilistic.
3 The shorter distance or geodesic
from General Relativity is the anthropic translation, of the ananthropic
concept of dominant probability.
4 The Second Principle of
Thermodynamics is a concept of optimization i.e. of probability
(Poincaré).
5 In the statistical mechanics of
Boltzmann, which is at the base of the
kinetic theory of gases, the third fundamental hypothesis indicates that
"the state of gas in balance is the one
which corresponds to the maximum probability".
6 The principle of the least action
of Maupertuis states that the action is minimal in all the physical
phenomena. This principle was applied by
Feynman to quantum physics. Hildebrandt,
in the same way, stated a principle of the least quantum action Theses
principles of the least action are the anthropic translation, of the
ananthropic concept of maximum probability.
7 In optics, according to the principle
of Fermat, the way taken by the light is
the one for which the time of course is
minimum.
Planetology: The current ratio 3/2 rotation/orbit of the
planet Mars corresponds to a probability of stability to this resonance of 55
%.
Spheres: the major part of stars or planets is
made up of spheres. It is well known that the sphere is the
geometrical form which minimizes the surface of an object of given volume.
Biological sciences:
1)
The laws of Mendel are probabilistic.
2)
Genetics: The changes of genes
occur in a probabilistic way.
3)
Cycle of Kreps: The cycle of
Kreps brings the maximum effectiveness in the energy production in the aerobic
cells.
4) A probabilistic model of the
biological evolution which integrates the Darwinian theory with a new
interpretation is proposed < http://site.voila.fr/dinosaurs >. This model proposes 3 probabilistic examples
of the biological evolution: 1) 5 mass
extinctions (with the causes of the
death of the Dinosaurs at border K/T), 2) the hominization 3) the increase in
the PO2 PAL.
5) The expression of genes was
presented like a deterministic process for a long time. Today, this deterministic paradigm is
cancelled by many experimental arguments in favour of a probabilistic mechanism
of the expression of genes. The cellular
data are reinforced by a growing number of studies carried out at the molecular
level. The life of a cell would be
founded on probabilistic mechanisms due to non-specific molecular interactions
where the Brownian chance plays a dominating role (Jean-Jacques Kupiec 2005 -
Paldi - 2003).
Social and human sciences:
The actuaries apply the theory of
probabilities in their research.
VII
If ' "It is incomprehensible
that the universe is comprehensible (Einstein)", it is primarily because
we use the human being as standard of our knowledge, which leads to anthropic
concepts.
The rejection of causality and its absolute
determinism and the critical analysis of the anthropic concepts led us to
propose a probabilistic ananthropic model of the universe.
The first consequence of the
probabilistic ananthropic model of the universe is the refutation of the
expansion of the universe and all that is attached to it, Big Bang, inflation,
the birth of the universe, etc…
In the field of biological sciences,
the concept of "natural selection" implies a judgment of value
ncompatible with the ananthropic statute.
The probabilistic ananthropic model of the universe proposes a
probabilistic model of the biological evolution which integrates the Darwinian
theory with a new interpretation which respects the ananthropic character of
nature: < http://site.voila.fr/dinosaurs >.
The probabilistic ananthropic model
of the universe proposes a certain number of evidence and arguments (Chapter
V):
The probabilistic model of the
universe is not a reducing model. It simply
substitutes to the causality and the absolute determinism the chance, definied
as the probability. The phenomena are events because they evolve (redshift of the photon), without absolute
time but with various and relative times.
If we want to try to understand the
universe, it is necessary to adopt an ananthropic attitude.
Our anthropic analysis of the skew
of many concepts of contemporary science goes against the current ways of
thinking. It is thus probable that this
analysis will be rejected by the majority of the researchers. Which does not deny its credibility. The history of sciences teaches us that it is
there the usual destiny of the ideas which are opposed to the dominant
consensus. In any event, it is the
future, more or less remote, which will be the true judge on the matter.
We propose this response to the
reflexion of Einstein: "It is
incomprehensible that the universe is comprehensible":
The universe is not controlled by
causal, independent, rational "laws" and thus comprehensible by the
intelligence of the men. It obeys only
one law, that of chance, applied to the components of the universe. Far from
being a factor of disorder and chaos, as
it is generally believed, chance,
defined as the field where the theory of probabilities and the law of the large
numbers apply , is a factor of order and predictability of the phenomena. It is what Einstein describes as
"comprehensible".
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