Chapter VII
Conclusions
Our research led us to reject the causality
and its absolute determinism which do not correspond to the reality of the
phenomena. The latter do not have
determined single causes but occur when a certain number of conditions are
filled (nuclear reactions in a star starting from a certain temperature and of
a certain mass, nuclear genes in the cells eukaryotes, etc…). The laws indicate the way in which the
dominating influence, i.e. probabilistic, of certain conditions appears, among
a multitude of other conditions.
If' "It is incomprehensible
that the universe is comprehensible (Einstein)", it is primarily because
we use the human being as standard of our knowledge, which leads to anthropic
concepts. We tried, by a critical
analysis of various concepts (of space, time, speed limit c, of principle of
conservation of energy, finality, optimization and the Second Principle of
Thermodynamics) to show the anthropic character of a number of them. We proposed to confer on some of them an
ananthropic statute (space, time, optimization, finality, etc…) . The
ananthropic statute of a concept is its independence with respect to the human
standard. It must answer a certain
number of rigorous criteria: it must be
neutral and objective with respect to nature, without judgment of value (darwinian
advantages); it must respect the
critical mind and exclude the unverifiable speculations (pre-Big Bang, parallel
universes); it should not violate the
Principle of Reality and respect the criteria of falsifiability of Popper and
of observable facts of Einstein (supraliminal speed, instantaneous
action); it should not be contradictory
(quantum vacuum or nothingness filled of
virtual particles; Einsteinian empty
space or nothingness curved by matter-energy).
The rejection of causality and its
absolute determinism and the critical analysis of the anthropic concepts led us
to propose a probabilistic ananthropic model of the universe. This model proposes a new approach of the
gravitation where the empty physical space, the frame of the phenomena, is
filled by a field of gravitons, source of the temporalist gravitation to finished
range < http://site.voila.fr/nobigbang
> (Chapter 9: The temporalist
gravitation).
The probabilistic ananthropic model
of the universe proposes a concept of time based on the assumption of the
fundamental asymmetry of time and on the interpretation of the redshift of the
remote galaxies. This time T = 1 / Ho
(constant of Hubble) was established theoretically in 1962 by the author. Its value is equal to 4,5546 10^17 seconds is
approximately 14,43 billion years. After
more than 150.000 observations of redshifts and several tens of years, NASA
passed from a few billion years to 13,7 + - 5 % billion years for the estimated
"age” of the universe (WMAP 2002).
Project SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey), with the study of the redshift
of 221.414 galaxies does not give a different estimate.
Time T of the temporalist universe
is time limit of the redshift of the photon (similar to its speed limit
c). It does not constitute at all an
"age" of universe. In the
temporalist model, there is no absolute time.
One must conceive times relating to the various phenomena or systems
(duration of evolution of stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters, etc…), without given limits < http://site.voila.fr/nobigbang
> (Chapter 5: The concept of
time).
The first ananthropic consequence of
the probabilistic model of the universe is the refutation of the expansion of
the universe and all that is attached to it, the Big Bang, inflation, the birth of the universe, etc…
In the field of biological sciences,
the same concepts of organs, functions,
"advantages", "adaptations" and of "natural
selection" imply utilitarian considerations and judgments of value incompatible
with the ananthropic statute. The
probabilistic ananthropic model of the universe proposes a probabilistic model
of the biological evolution which integrates the Darwinian theory with a new
interpretation of the natural selection which respects the ananthropic
character of nature: A probabilistic
model of the biological evolution < http://site.voila.fr/dinosaurs
>.
The probabilistic ananthropic model
of the universe proposes a certain number of evidence and arguments (Chapter
V):
In the physical sciences: quantum physics is dominated by probabilism
(probabilistic wave equation of Schrödinger, relations of uncertainties of
Heisenberg); the Second principle of
Thermodynamics; the statistical
mechanics of Boltzmann, at the base of the kinetic theory of gases, where the
third fundamental hypothesis indicates that "the state of gas in balance
is that which corresponds to the maximum probability"; the ananthropic interpretation of geodesics
of General Relativity, the principle of Fermat, the Principle of the least
action of Maupertuis and the Principle of the least quantum action of
Hildebrandt.
In planetology, the current ratio 3
/ 2 rotation/orbit of the planet Mars corresponds to a probability of stability
to this resonance of 55 %; the major part of stars or planets is made up of spheres, whereas it is well known that
the sphere is the geometrical form which minimizes the surface of an object of
given volume.
In biological sciences, the laws of
Mendel are probabilistic laws; in
genetics, the changes of genes, the support of the biological evolution, occur
in a probabilistic way; the cycle of
Kreps is a process of optimization i.e. probabilistic. The life of a cell would
be founded on probabilistic mechanisms due to non-specific molecular
interactions where the Brownian chance plays a dominating role (Jean-Jacques
Kupiec 2005 - Paldi - 2003). The probabilistic model of the biological
evolution, as suggested by the author: A
probabilistic model of the biological evolution < http://site.voila.fr/dinosaurs
> proposes 3 probabilistic examples of the biological evolution: 1) 5 mass extinctions (with the causes of the death of the
Dinosaurs at border K/T), 2) the
hominization 3) the increase in the PO2 PAL.
In social and human sciences, all
the insurances are founded on the application of the theory of probabilities by
the actuaries.
The probabilistic model of the
universe is not a reducing model. It
simply substitutes for causality and the absolute determinism chance, defined
as the probability. The presence of chance
in the phenomena of the universe generates their complexity. The events, of which the probabilities or the
chances are very weak, occur rarely or never and, vice versa, those of which the
probabilities or the chances are high occur.
The "laws" of the universe are thus only the expression of the
chance, applying to the complex structure of the constituent elements of nature
(quarks, gluons, etc…or superstrings), evolving within the framework of a space
filled of gravitons. The phenomena are
events because they evolve (redshift of the photon), without absolute time but
with various and relative times.
We can now try to answer the
reflexion of Einstein: "It is
incomprehensible that the universe is comprehensible".
If we want to try to understand the
universe, it is necessary to adopt an ananthropic attitude. Which place do the men occupy in the
observable universe today? One estimates
the number of planets with approximately 10 ^ 23 at 2 10^23 = 100 billion
galaxies made up on average of 200 billion stars with approximately 5 to 10
planets per star. The planet earth
represents approximately 1 / 10^23 observable planets. The human brain, with its weaknesses and
especially its a priori, would be the adequate standard to decipher the
universe where it saw! What a pretension
or what a nonsense! It is the
geocentrism with power 10^23!
We have analyzed in chapter IV various
anthropic concepts. We have seen that,
"to understand" the universe, it was necessary to remove them from
their anthropic skews. Only ananthropic
concepts are likely to help us "to understand" and "to
know" the universe either. The need
for the ananthropic nature of the concepts is comparable with that of
objectivity in science. The ananthropic
concepts enable us to answer millennium anthropic interrogations that the myths
and the religions darkened durably:
Why does the world exist?
When was the world created?
Will the world have an end? And when?
Where do we come from ? Who are we?
Where do we go?
These existential interrogations
received many more or less sophisticated answers: metaphysical, religious,
literary or poetic, and even
pseudo-scientist ones.
Actually, these questions do not
comprise answers because they do not have any ananthropic significance. They are only anthropic questions thus they
are skewed.
Why does the world exist? The existence of the world is a fact. To allot to it significance is an anthropic
attitude which allots a finality to nature.
This question does not have any ananthropic validity. It thus does not have any sense and cannot
thus comprise answer. This interrogation
is absurd as well and without any possible rigorous answer as, for example, the
following question: are the apples happy
to be green?
When was the world created? The world was not created. The existence of the world is a fact. Up to now, science never observed the creation
of matter or energy, or anything, ex nihilo.
For which illogical or speculative reason would derogate from it the universe? The question of the creation of the universe
is a primarily religious and anthropic concept.
This question does not have any ananthropic validity. It thus does not have any sense and cannot
thus receive any answer
Will the world have an end? And when?
The world will not have any end.
The reasoning is identical to that of the creation of the universe.
Where do we come from ? Who are we?
Where do we go? The existential
questions over which men sonder concern
a purely anthropic emotional attitude.
Nature, and the man is an element of nature, does not have any
significance or finality. These questions
do not have any ananthropic validity.
They thus do not have any sense and cannot thus receive any answer.
We propose this response to the
reflexion of Einstein: "It is
incomprehensible that the universe is comprehensible":
The universe is not controlled by
causal, independent, rational "laws" and thus comprehensible by the
intelligence of men. It obeys only one
law, that of chance, applied to the components of the universe. But, as we indicated it in chapter II, far
from being a factor of disorder and chaos, as it is generally believed, chance,
defined as the field where the theory of probabilities and the law of the large
numbers applies, is a factor of order and predictability of the phenomena. It is what Einstein describes as "comprehensible".
Our analysis of the anthropic skew
of many concepts of contemporary science goes against the current ways of
thinking. It is thus probable that this
analysis will be rejected by the majority of the researchers. Which does not restrict its credibility. The history of sciences teaches us that such
is the usual destiny of the ideas which
are opposed to the prevalent consensus. Anyway,
it is the future, more or less remote, which will be the true judge on the
matter.
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